ملخص Where Wizards Stay Up Late

In *Where Wizards Stay Up Late*, Katie Hafner and co-author Matthew Lyon chronicle the creation of the ARPANET, the experimental network that became the technical and cultural foundation of the internet. Drawing on interviews with the engineers themselves, the book follows the graduate students and researchers who built the system under ARPA’s Information Processing Techniques Office, beginning with J.C.R. Licklider’s vision of an “Intergalactic Computer Network” and the funding that made it possible. The narrative centers on Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), the Cambridge firm that won the contract to build the Interface Message Processors, the packet-switching computers that formed the network’s backbone. Frank Heart led the BBN team, with Robert Kahn, Vint Cerf, and others eventually developing the protocols that allowed disparate networks to interconnect. Hafner and Lyon dramatize key episodes: the first message sent between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute in 1969, which famously crashed after two letters; the improvisational culture that produced the Request for Comments series; and the graduate students at UCLA, SRI, UCSB, and Utah who served as the first users and troubleshooters. A recurring argument is that the ARPANET succeeded not through central planning but through the decentralized, collaborative ethos of the researchers themselves—an approach that shaped the internet’s open architecture. The book also highlights the roles of ARPA administrators like Larry Roberts, who pushed the project forward, and the tension between military funding and academic freedom. Rather than a technical manual, it is a human history of the people, rivalries, and late-night breakthroughs that made networked computing real.