ملخص Crime and Punishment

Fyodor Dostoevsky’s *Crime and Punishment*, first published in 1866, is a psychological novel set in the oppressive, poverty-stricken streets of St. Petersburg. Its protagonist, Rodion Raskolnikov, is a former law student living in a garret so cramped it resembles a coffin. Driven by a theory he has published in an article, he divides humanity into two categories: ordinary people who must obey the law, and extraordinary individuals—like Napoleon—who possess the right to transgress moral boundaries to achieve a greater purpose. To test whether he belongs among the extraordinary, Raskolnikov murders Alyona Ivanovna, a pawnbroker he despises, and is forced to kill her innocent sister Lizaveta when she unexpectedly witnesses the act. The novel’s central drama lies not in the crime but in its aftermath. Raskolnikov’s rational justification collapses under the weight of guilt, paranoia, and feverish isolation. He alternately craves confession and recoils from human contact, while the investigating magistrate Porfiry Petrovich engages him in a cat-and-mouse game of psychological interrogation. Around Raskolnikov orbit a cast of desperate figures: the drunken Marmeladov; his daughter Sonya, a meek prostitute who becomes a Christ-like figure of suffering and redemption; Raskolnikov’s devoted mother and sister; and the predatory Svidrigailov, whose nihilism mirrors Raskolnikov’s own logic taken to its endpoint. Through this narrative, Dostoevsky explores the limits of rationalism, the psychology of guilt, and the possibility of spiritual regeneration through suffering and love. The novel’s epilogue, set in Siberia, gestures toward redemption rather than resolving its philosophical tensions. Widely regarded as one of the founding works of existentialist literature, *Crime and Punishment* remains a landmark of nineteenth-century Russian realism.